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1 - Etiology of Divorce Based on the Lived Experience of Divorced Couples (Case Study: Khorramabad City)
karamollah javanmard

 Etiology of Divorce Based on the Lived Experience of Divorced Couples   (Case Study: Khorramabad City)       Karamollah Javanmard<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a>       Introduction   The family, as a pivotal institution in human social history, has grappled with various serious issues, with divorce being a prominent example. Divorce is clearly defined as a social problem and one of the five major societal harms of the country. The aim of this study was to qualitatively examine the experiences of men and women undergoing divorce in Khorramabad city, using qualitative methodology and grounded theory. The central questions of this research are: What is the process of divorce formation in Khorramabad city, and what are the experiences of the couples involved? What motives lead individuals to choose divorce? What are their experiences and perceptions of the divorce process in Khorramabad city? How do people cope with this experience, and how can a proper analysis of different types of divorce in Khorramabad city be presented based on their representations?       Methodology   This study aimed to understand and interpret divorce among couples in Khorramabad in 1402, using an interpretive paradigm and grounded theory for data analysis. This approach is used to explore how individuals interpret their experiences, construct their worlds, and perceive their situations (Afrasiabi et al., 2019: 5). The participants included 30 divorced individuals selected through purposeful sampling with the snowball method. Of these, 12 were men and 18 were women. Data collection continued until saturation was achieved. Selection criteria included having experienced divorce, being at least one year past their legal divorce, and willingness to participate in the study. Five main categories emerged from the coded data. Semi-structured and in-depth interviews were used to gather information from participants. Each interview, lasting between 45 to 90 minutes, was recorded with a cell phone after obtaining consent. The interviewer explained the research objectives and ensured confidentiality. Interviews were conducted with the assurance that recordings would be erased after the data was transcribed. Open coding, axial coding, and selective coding were used for data analysis.       Findings   Among the significant consequences of divorce are economic impacts, especially for women, as well as psychological and spiritual effects, which particularly affect women. Social and cultural consequences are widespread and impact individuals broadly. Divorce, as a solution, holds multiple meanings for the interviewees, reflecting their diverse viewpoints. Two primary perspectives emerged among the divorced individuals: a negative view and a positive view.       Conclusion   Divorce has become a prominent social issue with significant implications for policymakers. The complexity of divorce, its various types, and its multifaceted consequences challenge uniform analysis and understanding. This research reveals how divorce impacts individuals differently across social fields and habits. Key findings include: Economic consequences are significant, including lack of financial income, unemployment, responsibility for child custody, lack of independent living space, and economic stagnation. Among these, economic dynamism and progress were commonly reported by all interviewees. Social consequences, such as stigmatization, sexual objectification, and role changes, were also prevalent. Stigmatization, in particular, aligns with Goffman’s theory of stigma, which affects personal identity and social perceptions. Divorce experiences varied based on individuals' coping strategies, with some experiencing less social fallout due to their rational approach to separation and divorce.   <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Hazrat Ayatollah Aozama Boroujerdi University, Boroujerd, Iran. k.javanmard@abru.ac.ir   </div> </div>   Manuscript profile
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2 - The Place of Religiosity in the Changes of Social Hope of Tehrani Citizens
RAHA TALEB ARDAKANI bijan zare reza safarishali alireza karimi

 The Place of Religiosity in the Changes   of Social Hope of Tehrani Citizens       Raha Talebi Ardakani<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a>   Bijan Zare<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a>   Reza Safari Shali<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">***</a>    Alireza Karimi<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title="" href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4">****</a>       Introduction   Hope, as a protective factor, is a positive psychological trait that enables individuals to set clear goals, develop multiple pathways to achieve these goals, overcome obstacles, and generate the necessary energy to pursue their objectives. It fosters positive emotions while simultaneously mitigating negative issues. Hope is viewed as a form of self-confidence and personal mastery that aids in goal-setting, planning, and problem-solving. Although social hope has not been prominently recognized as a significant social problem in national policy discourse, its absence or insufficiency has raised concerns among many people and officials.   Religiosity and religious teachings play a crucial role in enhancing social hope. They directly impact psychological and social well-being, thereby increasing both social and individual hope. Understanding the nature of hope, especially its transcendental and religious dimensions, offers potential pathways to bolster hope in various aspects. Social hope has become a political necessity in Iran, and any efforts to rebuild the relationship between the government and society depend on strengthening this component. Contemporary Iranian society appears to be on the brink of a crisis of despair. The erosion of social hope in recent years, coupled with a decline in social capital, has created significant challenges for the country’s development and social progress.   The aim of this research is to sociologically and qualitatively explore the role of religiosity in social hope among the citizens of Tehran.       Methodology   This qualitative research utilized a grounded theory approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 50 individuals from Tehran, including university professors, marketers, youth, women, and students. The research reached theoretical saturation. Participants were selected using purposive sampling with snowball and maximum variation techniques to ensure diversity in terms of gender, education, age, and social class. Interviews lasted between 50 minutes to 2 hours and were sometimes conducted in multiple sessions. Data collection spanned over 2 years. Data analysis followed the theoretical coding system of grounded theory, comprising open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. In open coding, the interview texts were read line by line and conceptualized. In axial coding, concepts were grouped into central categories based on semantic overlap. The core category, derived at a more abstract level, was identified as the role of religiosity in the multifaceted revitalization of social hope.   Ethical considerations were observed throughout the study. Participants' consent was obtained before interviews, and they were informed about the research’s purpose, topic, and methods. Their privacy was protected by recording data with their permission and using pseudonyms to maintain confidentiality.       Findings   During the open coding phase, 105 open codes, 33 core codes, 9 main categories, and one core category emerged: hope for the hereafter and receiving divine reward; religious worldview and giving meaning to life; communication with God as the foundation of hope; the production of correct content and its role in religious identification and gaining hope; patience, tolerance of suffering, and hope for divine intervention; the spread of kindness and benevolence in religious teachings; the interdependence of religion, answering doubts, and increasing awareness; reducing social damage; and expanding solidarity and social belonging. The core category, the agency of religiosity in the multifaceted revitalization of social hope, was identified.   Participants sought various strategies to enhance and strengthen their social hope. They practiced kindness and beneficence, such as making vows, which increased their resilience to adversity by reinforcing their connection with a higher power. These practices aimed to improve problem-solving and provide mental and spiritual peace in this life and the hereafter. Participation in religious ceremonies and rituals also contributed to social cohesion by strengthening bonds and relationships.       Conclusion   The core category, the role of religiosity in the multifaceted revival of social hope, reflects a complex interplay of factors, conditions, and contexts. It illustrates that religiosity's role in expressing and developing social hope is multifaceted and not singularly causal. Social hope, from various humanities perspectives, remains a significant concern for individuals and cultural policymakers.         <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">* Ph.D</a>. Student of cultural policy, Kharazmi University, Iran. rahatalebiardakani@gmail.com </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">** Corresponding author: Pr</a>ofessor of Sociology Department, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. zare@khu.ac.ir </div> <div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">*** Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran</a>. Reza_safaryshali@khu.ac.ir </div> <div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title="" href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4">**** Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Kharazmi U</a>niversity, Tehran, Iran. alireza.karimi@khu.ac.ir </div> </div>   Manuscript profile

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